영양성분은 매 시즌마다 유행이 있습니다. 이번에는 밀크씨슬이 유행하게 되었죠? 실리마린이라는 성분 때문인데요. 엉겅퀴는 잡초로 보통 알지만 그 효과에 대해 많은 연구가 진행되고 있습니다. 논문과 연구결과가 언제나 사실이 아니란 사실은 모두 아실테지만요. 그래도 근거 없이 좋은 이야기만 반복하고 싶지 않아 근거까지 찾아 첨부해두었습니다. 영문자료이나 만약 더욱 자세한 내용이 필요하여 요청하신다면 제가 번역, 요약하여 알려드리도록 하겠습니다.
밀크씨슬(Milk Thistle)은 엉겅퀴에서 유래한 한방치료제입니다. 엉겅퀴에서 눈여겨 볼 성분은 실리마린(silymarin)으로 알려져 있습니다. ㉮
엉겅퀴는 독특한 자주색 꽃과 하얀 정맥을 가지고 있는데, 성모 마리아의 젖 한 방울이 잎사귀에 떨어졌기 때문이라고 합니다. 엉겅퀴에서 추출한 실리마린은 항산화, 항바이러스, 항염증 성질을 가지고 있는 것으로 알려져 있습니다.㉯㉰㉱
1. 간 보호
밀크씨슬은 간을 보호하는 효과로 유명합니다.
알코올성 간질환, 비알코올성 지방간질환, 간염, 심지어 간암 등의 질환으로 인해 간 손상이 있는 사람들에게 효과가 탁월하다고 합니다. ㉮㉲㉳ 또한 밀크씨슬 보충제를 복용한 간질환자의 간 기능 개선 효과가 나타나 간염과 간 손상 감소에 도움이 될 수 있다는 연구결과가 나왔습니다. ㉴ 작용 방식에 대한 연구가 더 필요하지만, 밀크씨슬은 간이 독성물질을 해독할 때 생성되는 활성산소에 의한 간의 손상을 줄여주는 것으로 여겨집니다.
한 연구는 또한 알코올성 간질환으로 인해 간경변증 환자의 수명을 약간 연장시킬 수 있다는 것을 발견했습니다.㉵ 하지만, 연구 결과가 명확히 밀크씨슬이 간 질환에 유익한 영향을 미치는 것으로 발견된 것은 아니고, 복합적인 이유가 있었을 것이란 의견이 지배적입니다. 따라서 특정 간 질환 치료에 필요한 양과 치료 기간을 결정하기 위해서는 더 많은 연구가 필요하다고 생각합니다.
밀크씨슬 추출물이 간질환을 가진 사람들을 위한 보충요법으로 일반적으로 사용되지만, 현재로서는 간관련 질환에 걸리는 것을 막을 수 있다는 증거는 없습니다. ㉯㉶㉷
2. 노화에 따른 뇌기능 저하 예방
밀크씨슬은 알츠하이머와 파킨슨병과 같은 신경학적 질환에 대한 치료제로 2,000년 이상 사용되어 왔습니다. ㉸
항염증 및 항산화성질은 신경보호기능이 있을 수 있다는 것을 의미하며, 노화에 따른 뇌 기능의 저하를 예방하는데 도움이 될 수 있습니다. ㉹㉺
시험관 및 동물 연구을 통해 실리마린 성분은 뇌세포의 산화적 손상을 예방하는 것으로 밝혀져 정신적 쇠퇴를 막을 수 있다고 합니다.㉻ⓐ
또한 밀크씨슬이 알츠하이머병에 걸린 동물의 뇌에 있는 아밀로이드 플라크의 수를 줄일 수 있다는 것을 발견했다고 합니다. 아밀로이드 플라크는 나이가 들면서 신경 세포 사이에 형성될 수 있는 아밀로이드 단백질입니다. 알츠하이머 병에 걸린 사람들의 뇌에서 매우 많이 발견되는데, 밀크씨슬이 치료하는데 사용될 수 있다는 것을 의미합니다.ⓑⓒⓓⓔ
하지만, 여태 사람을 대상으로 한 알츠하이머, 치매나 파킨슨병과 같은 신경학적 질환 영향을 조사하는 연구는 없었습니다.ⓑ
3. 뼈 강화
골다공증은 뼈의 점진적인 손실에 의해 야기되는 질병입니다. 보통 수십년에 걸쳐 천천히 발달하고, 약한 뼈가 부서지고 연약한 뼈를 유발시킵니다.
일부 시험관 실험 및 동물 연구에서 밝혀진 바에 따르면, 밀크씨슬은 골광화를 자극하고 뼈 손실을 방지한다고 합니다.ⓕⓖ 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 연구원들은 밀크씨슬이 폐경 후 여성의 뼈 손실을 예방하거나 지연시키는 데 유용한 치료법이 될 것이라 주장합니다. 그러나 현재 사람을 대상으로 한 연구는 없어 실효성이 불분명하다 할 수 있습니다. ⓗⓘ
4. 암 치료
실리마린의 항산화 효과에는 항암 효과가 있어 암 치료를 받는 사람에게 도움이 될 수 있다는 의견이 있습니다. 일부 동물 연구를 통해 밀크씨슬은 암 치료과정에서 생기는 부작용을 줄이는 데 유용함을 입증했기 때문입니다. ⓙⓚⓛ 또한 특정 암 치료과정 적용되는 약물치료의 효과를 더 효과적으로 작용하도록 하였으며 또 다른 상황에서는 암세포를 파괴하기도 했음이 보고되어 있습니다. ⓜⓝⓞ
이 역시 사람에 대한 연구가 매우 드물며 아직 인간에게 의미 있는 임상적 효과를 나타내진 못했습니다. 암 치료를 받고 있는 사람에게 적용하기에는 더 많은 연구가 필요한 편입니다.
5. 모유 생산
밀크씨슬의 또다른 효과 중 산모들의 모유 생산양을 늘여주는 효과도 있다고 합니다. 우유를 생산하는 호르몬인 프로락틴을 더욱 자극한다고 합니다. 연구 데이터는 매우 제한적이지만 한 연구에서 실리마린을 63일 동안 420mg 복용하는 산모가 위약을 복용하는 산모보다 64% 더 많은 우유를 생산했다는 사실을 발견하기도 했습니다. ⓟ 하지만 이 연구가 유일한 임상 연구였기 때문에 모유 수유 상황에 산모와 밀크씨슬의 안전성을 확인하기 위해 더 많은 연구가 필요합니다. ⓠⓡⓢ
6. 여드름 치료
여드름은 만성적인 염증성 피부 질환입니다. 위험하지는 않지만, 흉터가 생길 수 있죠. 또한 외모에도 좋지 않은 영향을 끼치기 때문에 여드름이 나는 사람들은 참 고민이 많을 수 있습니다.ⓣ
이때 신체의 산화적 스트레스가 여드름의 발달에 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 주장이 제기되었습니다. 항산화 작용과 항염증 효과 때문에, 밀크씨슬은 여드름이 있는 사람들에게 효과적인 역할을 할 수 있다는 사실이 입증되었습니다.
한 연구결과에 따르면 8주 동안 하루에 210mg의 실리마린을 복용한 여드름이 있는 사람들은 여드름이 53% 감소했다고 합니다.ⓤ
7. 당뇨병환자의 혈당 수치 조절
밀크씨슬은 제2형 당뇨병 관리에 효과가 있음이 입증된 바가 있습니다. 밀크씨슬의 화합물 중 하나가 인슐린 민감도를 개선하고 혈당을 낮추는 데 도움을 줌으로써 일부 당뇨병 치료제와 유사하게 작용할 수 있다는 사실이 밝혀졌기 떄문입니다.ⓥⓦ
실제로 최근 리뷰와 분석 결과 실마린을 일상적으로 복용하는 사람들은 단식 혈당 수치와 혈당 조절 측정치인 HbA1c가 크게 감소한 것을 확인했습니다.
또한 밀크씨슬의 항산화 및 항염증 특성이 신장병과 같은 당뇨 합병증 발생 위험을 줄이는 데에 도움이 되기도 합니다.
그러나 이 연구의 품질이 그리 높지 않았기 때문에 확실한 권장 사항을 제시하기 전에 더 많은 연구가 필요하다는 점도 언급되었습니다.
그래서 밀크씨슬은 안전한 편인가
그렇다고 할 수 있습니다. 밀크씨슬을 섭취하는 것은 안전한 편으로 보고됩니다. 실제로 오랜 기간 과복용을 하더라도 1%의 사람에게서만 부작용이 보고되었습니다. 보고된 부작용으로는 설사, 메스꺼움, 복부팽창 등 내장장애가 있었습니다.
아래의 더보기를 클릭하시면 본문의 자료를 입증하는 연구와 논문 내용을 확인하실 수 있습니다.
㉮Abenavoli L, Capasso R, Milic N, Capasso F. Milk thistle in liver diseases: past, present, future. Phytother Res. 2010 Oct;24(10):1423-32. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3207. PMID: 20564545.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20564545/
Milk thistle in liver diseases: past, present, future - PubMed
Silybum marianum or milk thistle (MT) is the most well-researched plant in the treatment of liver disease. The active complex of MT is a lipophilic extract from the seeds of the plant and is composed of three isomer flavonolignans (silybin, silydianin, and
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
㉯Kim MS, Ong M, Qu X. Optimal management for alcoholic liver disease: Conventional medications, natural therapy or combination? World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Jan 7;22(1):8-23. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.8. PMID: 26755857; PMCID: PMC4698510.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26755857/
Optimal management for alcoholic liver disease: Conventional medications, natural therapy or combination? - PubMed
Alcohol consumption is the principal factor in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is defined by histological lesions on the liver that can range from simple hepatic steatosis to more advanced stages such as alcoholic
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
㉰Aller R, Izaola O, Gómez S, Tafur C, González G, Berroa E, Mora N, González JM, de Luis DA. Effect of silymarin plus vitamin E in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. A randomized clinical pilot study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2015 Aug;19(16):3118-24. PMID: 26367736.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26367736/
Effect of silymarin plus vitamin E in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. A randomized clinical pilot study - PubMe
Treatment with silymarin plus vitamin E and a hypocaloric diet ameliorate function hepatic test, and non-invasive NAFLD index. Silymarin can be an alternative valid therapeutic option particularly when other drugs are not indicated or have failed or as a c
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
㉱Ferenci P, Dragosics B, Dittrich H, Frank H, Benda L, Lochs H, Meryn S, Base W, Schneider B. Randomized controlled trial of silymarin treatment in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. J Hepatol. 1989 Jul;9(1):105-13. doi: 10.1016/0168-8278(89)90083-4. PMID: 2671116.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2671116/
Randomized controlled trial of silymarin treatment in patients with cirrhosis of the liver - PubMed
Silymarin, the active principle of the milk thistle Silybum marianum, protects experimental animals against various hepatotoxic substances. To determine the effect of silymarin on the outcome of patients with cirrhosis, a double blind, prospective, randomi
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
㉲Losser MR, Payen D. Mechanisms of liver damage. Semin Liver Dis. 1996 Nov;16(4):357-67. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1007249. PMID: 9027949.
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Mechanisms of liver damage - PubMed
The liver is implicated in many processes, and its failure induces severe consequences for metabolism, immune response, detoxification and antimicrobial defenses. The mechanisms involved in liver injury are complex and interactive, and can be artificially
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
㉳Federico A, Dallio M, Loguercio C. Silymarin/Silybin and Chronic Liver Disease: A Marriage of Many Years. Molecules. 2017 Jan 24;22(2):191. doi: 10.3390/molecules22020191. PMID: 28125040; PMCID: PMC6155865.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28125040/
Silymarin/Silybin and Chronic Liver Disease: A Marriage of Many Years - PubMed
Silymarin is the extract of Silybum marianum, or milk thistle, and its major active compound is silybin, which has a remarkable biological effect. It is used in different liver disorders, particularly chronic liver diseases, cirrhosis and hepatocell
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
㉴Polachi N, Bai G, Li T, Chu Y, Wang X, Li S, Gu N, Wu J, Li W, Zhang Y, Zhou S, Sun H, Liu C. Modulatory effects of silibinin in various cell signaling pathways against liver disorders and cancer - A comprehensive review. Eur J Med Chem. 2016 Nov 10;123:577-595. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.070. Epub 2016 Jul 29. PMID: 27517806.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27517806/
Modulatory effects of silibinin in various cell signaling pathways against liver disorders and cancer - A comprehensive review -
Silibinin, a natural flavanone, derived from the milk thistle plant (Silybum marianum), was illustrated for several medicinal uses such as liver-protective, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammation and many other. However, silibinin has poor absorbance
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
㉵Vargas-Mendoza N, Madrigal-Santillán E, Morales-González A, Esquivel-Soto J, Esquivel-Chirino C, García-Luna Y González-Rubio M, Gayosso-de-Lucio JA, Morales-González JA. Hepatoprotective effect of silymarin. World J Hepatol. 2014 Mar 27;6(3):144-9. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v6.i3.144. PMID: 24672644; PMCID: PMC3959115.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24672644/
Hepatoprotective effect of silymarin - PubMed
The use of medicinal plants in treating illnesses has been reported since ancestral times. In the case of hepatic diseases, several species such as Silybum marianum, Phyllanthus niruri, and Panus giganteus (Berk.) have been shown to ameliorate hepatic lesi
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
㉶ World J Gastroenterol. 2017 Jul 21; 23(27): 5004–5017 Published online 2017 Jul 21. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i27.5004 PMCID: PMC5526770 PMID: 28785154
Effect of silymarin on biochemical indicators in patients with liver disease: Systematic review with meta-analysis - PubMed
Silymarin minimally reduced, but without clinical relevance, the serum levels of ALT and AST. It is necessary to carry out studies with more appropriate methodological designs.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
㉷Siegel AB, Stebbing J. Milk thistle: early seeds of potential. Lancet Oncol. 2013 Sep;14(10):929-30. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70414-5. PMID: 23993379; PMCID: PMC4116427.
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Milk thistle: early seeds of potential - PubMed
Milk thistle: early seeds of potential
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
㉸Devi KP, Malar DS, Braidy N, Nabavi SM, Nabavi SF. A Mini Review on the Chemistry and Neuroprotective Effects of Silymarin. Curr Drug Targets. 2017;18(13):1529-1536. doi: 10.2174/1389450117666161227125121. PMID: 28025940.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28025940/
A Mini Review on the Chemistry and Neuroprotective Effects of Silymarin - PubMed
The promising outcomes of the studies mentioned in this review provide renewed insight into the clinical relevance of silymarin in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders where neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are pathologically relevant to disease
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
㉹Karimi G, Vahabzadeh M, Lari P, Rashedinia M, Moshiri M. "Silymarin", a promising pharmacological agent for treatment of diseases. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2011 Jul;14(4):308-17. PMID: 23492971; PMCID: PMC3586829.
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"Silymarin", a promising pharmacological agent for treatment of diseases - PubMed
Widespread use of herbal drugs because of their protective effects on different organs toxicity has been shown in many studies. These protective effects have been illustrated in the fields of nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, viral hepatitis, cancer, in vitr
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
㉺Borah A, Paul R, Choudhury S, Choudhury A, Bhuyan B, Das Talukdar A, Dutta Choudhury M, Mohanakumar KP. Neuroprotective potential of silymarin against CNS disorders: insight into the pathways and molecular mechanisms of action. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2013 Nov;19(11):847-53. doi: 10.1111/cns.12175. Epub 2013 Oct 14. PMID: 24118806; PMCID: PMC6493565.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24118806/
Neuroprotective potential of silymarin against CNS disorders: insight into the pathways and molecular mechanisms of action - Pub
Silymarin, a C25 containing flavonoid from the plant Silybum marianum, has been the gold standard drug to treat liver disorders associated with alcohol consumption, acute and chronic viral hepatitis, and toxin-induced hepatic failures since its discovery i
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
㉻Galhardi F, Mesquita K, Monserrat JM, Barros DM. Effect of silymarin on biochemical parameters of oxidative stress in aged and young rat brain. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Oct;47(10):2655-60. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.07.030. Epub 2009 Aug 6. PMID: 19647779.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19647779/
Effect of silymarin on biochemical parameters of oxidative stress in aged and young rat brain - PubMed
Silymarin (SM), the active complex of milk thistle, is a lipophilic fruit extract and is composed of several isomer flavonolignans. Flavonoids are antioxidants found molecules capable of intercepting reactive oxygen species (ROS). The oxidative stress (OS)
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ⓐNeha, Kumar A, Jaggi AS, Sodhi RK, Singh N. Silymarin ameliorates memory deficits and neuropathological changes in mouse model of high-fat-diet-induced experimental dementia. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2014 Aug;387(8):777-87. doi: 10.1007/s00210-014-0990-4. Epub 2014 May 28. PMID: 24866499.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24866499/
Silymarin ameliorates memory deficits and neuropathological changes in mouse model of high-fat-diet-induced experimental dementi
A huge body evidences suggest that obesity is the single great risk factor for the development of dementia. Recently, silymarin, a flavonoid, clinically in use as a hepatoprotectant, has been reported to prevent amyloid beta-induced memory impairment by re
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ⓑPérez-Hernández J, Zaldívar-Machorro VJ, Villanueva-Porras D, Vega-Ávila E, Chavarría A. A Potential Alternative against Neurodegenerative Diseases: Phytodrugs. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:8378613. doi: 10.1155/2016/8378613. Epub 2016 Jan 6. PMID: 26881043; PMCID: PMC4736801.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26881043/
A Potential Alternative against Neurodegenerative Diseases: Phytodrugs - PubMed
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) primarily affect the neurons in the human brain secondary to oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. ND are more common and have a disproportionate impact on countries with longer life expectancies and represent the fourth h
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ⓒMurata N, Murakami K, Ozawa Y, Kinoshita N, Irie K, Shirasawa T, Shimizu T. Silymarin attenuated the amyloid β plaque burden and improved behavioral abnormalities in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2010;74(11):2299-306. doi: 10.1271/bbb.100524. Epub 2010 Nov 7. PMID: 21071836.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21071836/
Silymarin attenuated the amyloid β plaque burden and improved behavioral abnormalities in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model -
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment and the formation of senile plaques. Silymarin, an extract of milk thistle, has long been used as a medicinal herb for liver diseases. Here we report marked suppression of amyloi
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ⓓYaghmaei P, Azarfar K, Dezfulian M, Ebrahim-Habibi A. Silymarin effect on amyloid-β plaque accumulation and gene expression of APP in an Alzheimer's disease rat model. Daru. 2014 Jan 24;22(1):24. doi: 10.1186/2008-2231-22-24. PMID: 24460990; PMCID: PMC3904165.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24460990/
Silymarin effect on amyloid-β plaque accumulation and gene expression of APP in an Alzheimer's disease rat model - PubMed
Our results are in accordance with the in vitro tests concerning the positive antiamyloidogenic property of the main component of silymarin, namely silibinin. We suggest that the beneficial effect of sylimarin in the AD model is related to its capacity to
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ⓔYin F, Liu J, Ji X, Wang Y, Zidichouski J, Zhang J. Silibinin: a novel inhibitor of Aβ aggregation. Neurochem Int. 2011 Feb;58(3):399-403. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.12.017. Epub 2010 Dec 24. PMID: 21185897. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21185897/
Silibinin: a novel inhibitor of Aβ aggregation - PubMed
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the abnormal aggregation of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) into extracellular fibrillar deposits known as amyloid plaque. Inhibition of Aβ aggregation is therefore viewed as a potential method to halt or slow the pro
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ⓕKim JL, Kim YH, Kang MK, Gong JH, Han SJ, Kang YH. Antiosteoclastic activity of milk thistle extract after ovariectomy to suppress estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:919374. doi: 10.1155/2013/919374. Epub 2013 May 28. PMID: 23781510; PMCID: PMC3678416.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23781510/
Antiosteoclastic activity of milk thistle extract after ovariectomy to suppress estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis - PubMe
Bone integrity abnormality and imbalance between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts are known to result in metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis. Silymarin-rich milk thistle extract (MTE) and its component silibinin enh
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ⓖEl-Shitany NA, Hegazy S, El-Desoky K. Evidences for antiosteoporotic and selective estrogen receptor modulator activity of silymarin compared with ethinylestradiol in ovariectomized rats. Phytomedicine. 2010 Feb;17(2):116-25. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.05.012. Epub 2009 Jul 3. PMID: 19577454.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19577454/
Evidences for antiosteoporotic and selective estrogen receptor modulator activity of silymarin compared with ethinylestradiol in
Recently, growing multiple uses of silymarin (SIL) as a complementary and alternative medicine, for alcohol-induced liver disease, acute and chronic viral hepatitis, as well as some other nonhepatic indications have been reported. Therefore, more attention
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ⓗMohd Fozi NF, Mazlan M, Shuid AN, Isa Naina M. Milk thistle: a future potential anti-osteoporotic and fracture healing agent. Curr Drug Targets. 2013 Dec;14(14):1659-66. doi: 10.2174/13894501113146660222. PMID: 24093748. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24093748/
Milk thistle: a future potential anti-osteoporotic and fracture healing agent - PubMed
Osteoporosis is a progressive disease of the skeleton characterised by bone fragility due to a reduction in bone mass and possibly to alteration in bone architecture that lead to a propensity to fracture with minimum trauma. Most osteoporotic fractures occ
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ⓘAbdul Jalil MA, Shuid AN, Muhammad N. Osteoporotic fracture healing: potential use of medicinal plants from the tropics. Curr Drug Targets. 2013 Dec;14(14):1651-8. doi: 10.2174/1389450114666131217113759. PMID: 24354586. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24354586/
Osteoporotic fracture healing: potential use of medicinal plants from the tropics - PubMed
With improvements in living standards and healthcare, life expectancy has been increasing dramatically in most parts of the world. These situations lead to the increase in the reported cases of geriatrics-related diseases such as hypogonadal osteoporosis w
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ⓙLiao CY, Lee CC, Tsai CC, Hsueh CW, Wang CC, Chen IH, Tsai MK, Liu MY, Hsieh AT, Su KJ, Wu HM, Huang SC, Wang YC, Wang CY, Huang SF, Yeh YC, Ben RJ, Chien ST, Hsu CW, Kuo WH. Novel Investigations of Flavonoids as Chemopreventive Agents for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:840542. doi: 10.1155/2015/840542. Epub 2015 Dec 16. PMID: 26858957; PMCID: PMC4695650.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26858957/
Novel Investigations of Flavonoids as Chemopreventive Agents for Hepatocellular Carcinoma - PubMed
We would like to highlight the application of natural products to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We will focus on the natural products known as flavonoids, which target this disease at different stages of hepatocarcinogenesis. In spite of the use of chemo
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ⓚShukla SK, Dasgupta A, Mehla K, Gunda V, Vernucci E, Souchek J, Goode G, King R, Mishra A, Rai I, Nagarajan S, Chaika NV, Yu F, Singh PK. Silibinin-mediated metabolic reprogramming attenuates pancreatic cancer-induced cachexia and tumor growth. Oncotarget. 2015 Dec 1;6(38):41146-61. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.5843. PMID: 26510913; PMCID: PMC4747396. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26510913/
Silibinin-mediated metabolic reprogramming attenuates pancreatic cancer-induced cachexia and tumor growth - PubMed
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the US. Cancer-associated cachexia is present in up to 80% of PDAC patients and is associated with aggressive disease and poor prognosis. In the present studies
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ⓛBosch-Barrera J, Queralt B, Menendez JA. Targeting STAT3 with silibinin to improve cancer therapeutics. Cancer Treat Rev. 2017 Jul;58:61-69. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.06.003. Epub 2017 Jun 23. PMID: 28686955. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28686955/
Targeting STAT3 with silibinin to improve cancer therapeutics - PubMed
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has a prominent role in mediating resistance to conventional chemo-/radio-therapies and modern targeted drugs. While a number of STAT3 inhibitors have been shown to enhance the efficacy of therapeu
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ⓜVue B, Chen QH. The Potential of Flavonolignans in Prostate Cancer Management. Curr Med Chem. 2016;23(34):3925-3950. doi: 10.2174/0929867323666160823151833. PMID: 27557939. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27557939/
The Potential of Flavonolignans in Prostate Cancer Management - PubMed
This review provides a systematic and in-depth overview of the promise and potential of flavonolignans in prostate cancer management, which covers their chemopreventive effect, chemotherapeutic treatment, mechanisms of actions, synthetic derivatives, struc
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ⓝImai-Sumida M, Chiyomaru T, Majid S, Saini S, Nip H, Dahiya R, Tanaka Y, Yamamura S. Silibinin suppresses bladder cancer through down-regulation of actin cytoskeleton and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Oncotarget. 2017 Sep 8;8(54):92032-92042. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.20734. PMID: 29190895; PMCID: PMC5696161. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29190895/
Silibinin suppresses bladder cancer through down-regulation of actin cytoskeleton and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways - PubMed
Silibinin is the major active constituent of silymarin, an extract of milk thistle seeds. Silibinin has been shown to have significant anti-cancer effects in a variety of malignancies. However, the molecular mechanisms of silibinin action in bladder cancer
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ⓞBosch-Barrera J, Menendez JA. Silibinin and STAT3: A natural way of targeting transcription factors for cancer therapy. Cancer Treat Rev. 2015 Jun;41(6):540-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.04.008. Epub 2015 Apr 27. PMID: 25944486. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25944486/
Silibinin and STAT3: A natural way of targeting transcription factors for cancer therapy - PubMed
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is constitutively activated in many different types of cancer and plays a pivotal role in tumor growth and metastasis. Retrospective studies have established that STAT3 expression or phospho-STAT3
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ⓟDi Pierro F, Callegari A, Carotenuto D, Tapia MM. Clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability of BIO-C (micronized Silymarin) as a galactagogue. Acta Biomed. 2008 Dec;79(3):205-10. PMID: 19260380.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19260380/
Clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability of BIO-C (micronized Silymarin) as a galactagogue - PubMed
Silymarin may be considered as a safe and effective herbal product that can be orally administered in order to improve the daily milk production in healthy women after delivery, without affecting milk quality.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ⓠForinash AB, Yancey AM, Barnes KN, Myles TD. The use of galactogogues in the breastfeeding mother. Ann Pharmacother. 2012 Oct;46(10):1392-404. doi: 10.1345/aph.1R167. Epub 2012 Sep 25. PMID: 23012383. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23012383/
The use of galactogogues in the breastfeeding mother - PubMed
Nonpharmacologic recommendations should be exhausted before adding therapy. Although anecdotal evidence encourages the use of metoclopramide, fenugreek, asparagus, and milk thistle for their galactogogue properties, efficacy and safety data in the literatu
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ⓡBazzano AN, Hofer R, Thibeau S, Gillispie V, Jacobs M, Theall KP. A Review of Herbal and Pharmaceutical Galactagogues for Breast-Feeding. Ochsner J. 2016 Winter;16(4):511-524. PMID: 27999511; PMCID: PMC5158159. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27999511/
A Review of Herbal and Pharmaceutical Galactagogues for Breast-Feeding - PubMed
Health providers face the challenge of prescribing or recommending galactagogues without the benefit of robust evidence. Given the suboptimal rates of exclusive breast-feeding worldwide and the availability and demand for medical and herbal lactation thera
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ⓢBudzynska K, Gardner ZE, Dugoua JJ, Low Dog T, Gardiner P. Systematic review of breastfeeding and herbs. Breastfeed Med. 2012 Dec;7(6):489-503. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2011.0122. Epub 2012 Jun 11. PMID: 22686865; PMCID: PMC3523241. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22686865/
Systematic review of breastfeeding and herbs - PubMed
Our review concludes that further research is needed to assess the prevalence, efficacy, and safety of commonly used herbs during breastfeeding.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ⓣSarici G, Cinar S, Armutcu F, Altinyazar C, Koca R, Tekin NS. Oxidative stress in acne vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010 Jul;24(7):763-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03505.x. Epub 2009 Nov 23. PMID: 19943837. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19943837/
Oxidative stress in acne vulgaris - PubMed
These results suggest that oxidative damage may play a role in the pathogenesis of acne; therefore, significant alterations may occur in the antioxidant defence system.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ⓥKazazis CE, Evangelopoulos AA, Kollas A, Vallianou NG. The therapeutic potential of milk thistle in diabetes. Rev Diabet Stud. 2014 Summer;11(2):167-74. doi: 10.1900/RDS.2014.11.167. Epub 2014 Aug 10. PMID: 25396404; PMCID: PMC4310066. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25396404/
The therapeutic potential of milk thistle in diabetes - PubMed
Milk thistle has been known for more than 2.000 years as a herbal remedy for a variety of disorders. It has mainly been used to treat liver and gallbladder diseases. Silibum marianum, the Latin term for the plant, and its seeds contain a whole family of na
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
ⓦVoroneanu L, Nistor I, Dumea R, Apetrii M, Covic A. Silymarin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Diabetes Res. 2016;2016:5147468. doi: 10.1155/2016/5147468. Epub 2016 Jun 1. PMID: 27340676; PMCID: PMC4908257. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27340676/
Silymarin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials - PubMed
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and nephropathy-now the leading cause of end-stage renal disease and dialysis in Europe and the United States. Inflammation and oxidative stress play a pivotal role
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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